\n\tIn\n 1969, US President Richard Nixon ended all offensive aspects of the US \nbio-weapons program \u2014 the first category of weapons prohibited by an \ninternational treaty. In 1975, the US ratified both the 1925 Geneva \nProtocol and the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) \u2014 the \ninternational treaties outlawing biological warfare. But many reports \nfrom different sources offer reason to believe that the US military is \ndeveloping a new generation of weapons in violation of the international\n treaties Washington is a party to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\tAn\u00a0opinion paper<\/a>\u00a0published on Oct. 4 in the journal\u00a0Science<\/em>,\u00a0written\n by\u00a0an international group of researchers led by Richard Guy Reeves from\n the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology in Germany, claims \nthe US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is potentially \ndeveloping insects as a means of delivering a \u201cnew class of biological \nweapon.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n \n\tThe\n official goal of Insect Allies, an ongoing research program, is to \ndisperse infectious, genetically modified viruses that have been \nengineered to edit crop chromosomes directly in the field. But there is \na\u00a0reason to believe<\/a>\u00a0that\n the program is actually an effort to develop biological agents and a \nmeans of delivery intended for hostile purposes. If true, this would \nconstitute a breach of the\u00a0Biological Weapons Convention<\/a>\u00a0(BWC).<\/p>\n\n\n\n \n\tThe researchers warn the project could be used to create drought-resistant crops as an \u201cagricultural bio-weapon.\u201d\u00a0The Washington Post\u00a0<\/em>cited<\/a>\u00a0Silja\n Voeneky, the co-author of the\u00a0Science\u00a0article and a professor of \ninternational law at the University of Freiburg,\u00a0who stated, \u201cWe argue that there is the risk that the program is seen as not justified by peaceful purposes.\u201d<\/em>\u00a0According to her, \u201cTo use insects as a vector to spread diseases is a classical bio-weapon.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n \n\tDARPA’s program manager for Insect Allies, Blake Bextine,\u00a0acknowledged<\/a>\u00a0that\n the project involves new technologies that potentially could be \ndeployed for \u201cdual use,\u201d in theory, for either defensive or offensive \npurposes. But that\u2019s true for almost any advanced technology, he added.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \n\tThe\n simple fact alone that Insect Allies is a military program naturally \nraises questions. The US Defense Department says its research agency has\n been tasked with this problem because food security is a component of \nnational security. The State Department has explained that the project \nis for peaceful purposes and does not violate the BWC. This does not \nsound very convincing!<\/p>\n\n\n\n \n\tJust a few hours before the scathing report published by\u00a0Science\u00a0<\/em>hit\n the press, Russian Maj. Gen. Igor Kirillov, the commander of\u00a0the \nRussian Armed Forces’ Radiological, Chemical, and Biological Defense \nTroops,\u00a0accused<\/a>\u00a0the\n US military of\u00a0carrying out\u00a0large-scale, covert, biological warfare \nresearch using labs located in\u00a0Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan \nand elsewhere. The Russian military is concerned about the outbreaks of \nAfrican swine fever that first began in Georgia in 2007 and then spread \ninto Russia, Europe, and China.\u00a0\u201cThe infection strain in the samples\n collected from animals killed by the disease in those nations was \nidentical to the Georgia-2007 strain,\u201d<\/em>\u00a0Igor Kirillov emphasized.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \n\tThe documents released by former Georgian State Security Minister Igor Giorgadze\u00a0have confirmed<\/a>\u00a0that\n the US-funded Richard G. Lugar Center for Public Health Research in \nTbilisi, Georgia, was used as a cover for secret military biological \nresearch. The Russian military believes the spread of viral diseases in \nsouthern Russia could have been linked to the activities of the Lugar \nCenter. Identical information has also been obtained from\u00a0other sources<\/a>. US investigative journalist Jeffrey Silverman, who has lived in Georgia for over 25 years,\u00a0tells the same story<\/a>\u00a0about the US military\u2019s biological research effort in that country.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \n\tIn October 2017, Russian President Vladimir Putin issued a statement claiming that\u00a0someone was collecting<\/a>\u00a0\u201cbiological material\u201d<\/em>\u00a0from various ethnic groups and regions of Russia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \n\tLast summer, the US Air Force\u2019s Air Education and Training Command\u00a0sought samples\u00a0<\/a>\u00a0of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and synovial fluid from Russian subjects who\u00a0\u201cmust be Caucasian.\u201d<\/em>\u00a0It\n was looking for at least 12 RNA samples from Russians of European \nancestry, as well as 27 samples of synovial fluid. Only Russian \nspecimens. It wanted\u00a0no tissue samples<\/a>\u00a0from Ukraine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \n\tIn January 2018 Dilyana Gaytandzhieva, a well-known Bulgarian investigative journalist, published an\u00a0extensive report<\/a>\u00a0confirming the fact that the US military has never stopped its bio-weapons research that it conducts in many countries.\u00a0According to<\/a>\u00a0her,\n it regularly produces deadly viruses, bacteria, and toxins in direct \nviolation of the UN Convention on the prohibition of biological weapons,\n and that hundreds of thousands of unwitting people are systematically \nbeing exposed to dangerous pathogens and other incurable diseases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n No, the reports about the US violations of the BWC cannot be dismissed as mere Russian propaganda. Neither the journal\u00a0Science\u00a0\u00a0nor the authors of the sensational article that has drawn so much public attention have any ties to Russia. Too many sources, based in a variety of geographic locations and publishing reports by a wide range of people, all tell the same story. The programs in question are always under the control of the military, not other, civilian agencies. The issue of US non-compliance with the BWC has not been in the spotlight and has been overlooked in comparison to the problems related to other weapons of mass destruction. But if the United States so flagrantly violates the BWC, can it be trusted with other international arms-control treaties? Russia appears to be trying to draw public attention to this issue. Other nations should join this effort. The time is right to ask the US to stop dodging awkward questions and provide some clear answers to them. Tags: Biological Weapons<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n